비타민 C

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_C


괴혈병  scurvy

중국 : 坏血病
일본 : 壊血病
(wikipedia) scurvy
坏血病 http://baike.baidu.com/view/377408.htm
http://cowa.qiqirn.com/doc/15/297.html
(원인)
비타민 C의 부족에 의해 발생한다. 비타민 C가 부족하면 조직 사이를 연결하는 콜라겐과 상아질, 뼈 사이 충전 조직의 생성과 유지에 장애를 유발한다. 이것이 또한 혈관 등에 손상을 초래하는 원인이 된다. 괴혈병은 비타민 C가 부족해 생성된 병이므로 비타민 C를 투여함으로써 치료할 수 있다.

(발병)
괴혈병은 체내의 비타민 C 저장량이 약 300mg이하로 떨아질 때 발병한다. 정상인의 경우 1500 mg의 비타민 C를 저장하고 있는데, 비타민 C를 전혀 들어있지 않은 식사를 약 60일~9일 정도 할경우 300 mg이하로 떨어진다.  (壊血病は体内のＣ貯蔵量がおよそ300 mg 以下になると発症する．人は通常，体内におよ そ1500 mg のＣを貯蔵しており，Ｃを全く含まない食事 を約60 ～ 90 日間摂取した場合に300 mg 以下になると考えられている.)

Hodges RE, Baker EM, Hood J, Sauberlich HE, March SC (1969) Experimental scurvy in man. Am J Clin Nutr 22, 535-548
Levine M (1986) New concepts in the biology and biochemistry of ascorbic acid. N Engl J Med 314, 892-902

Scurvy results from a dietary vitamin C deficiency and involves the inability to form collagen fibrils properly. This is the result of reduced activity of prolyl hydroxylase, which is vitamin C–dependent, as previously noted. Scurvy leads to lesions in the skin and blood vessels, and, in its advanced stages, it can lead to grotesque disfiguration and eventual death. Although rare in the modern world, it was a disease well known to sea-faring explorers in earlier times who did not appreciate the importance of fresh fruits and vegetables in the diet.  
(http://web.virginia.edu/Heidi/chapter6/chp6frameset.htm)

콜라겐

콜라겐은 분자 상태의 산소가 있을 때만 만들 수 있다.
히드록실기의 산소 원자는 산소분자에서 온 것이다.
콜라겐이 히드록실화되는 메카니즘에서 비타민C의 역활 : 전자 공여
비타민 C는 생체 반응에서 항상 전자를 내준다.
히드록실화 반응을 수행하는 효소의 중심에는 철이 박혀 있는데, 비타민 C는 이 철에 전자 하나를 내준다.
(산소, 닉 레인, 286p)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroxylation
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroxyproline
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proline
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prolyl_hydroxylase



자크 카르티에

2차 캐나다 탐험 때, 괴혈병으로 많은 선원들을 잃었는데, 인디언 원주민의 도움으로 구사일생함.
인디언이 알려준 치료법은 Thuja occidentalis였다.

One of the first documented uses of indigenous medicine in North America was the cure in the winter of 1536 of Jacques Cartier's crew from a disease he called "Scorbut"(scurvy).

http://www.ethnobiomed.com/content/5/1/5
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Cartier
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aneda
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thuja_occidentalis

존 우달

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Woodall
1617년 영국의 해군 내과의사 존 우달은 레몬 주스를 추천했다.


앤슨 경의 세계일주 원정

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Anson,_1st_Baron_Anson
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Anson%27s_voyage_around_the_world
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_the_Austrian_Succession
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_Jenkins%27_Ear
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinian

당시는 스페인과의 전쟁 중이었고, 전쟁의 일환으로, 1740년 스페인 배를 약탈하기 위해 8척으로 이루어진 선단을 이끌고 세계 일주 원정을 떠난 것이다.
출발시 1854명이어으나, 1744년 영국으로 귀환하였을 때까지 생존한 사람은 188명 뿐이었으며.
대부분 괴혈병으로 사망하였다.
원정 중 Tinian 섬에 기항, 원기회복




제임스 린드

* 1747년 제임스 린드의 실험
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Lind_(physician)
http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A9%B9%E5%A7%86%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E6%9E%97%E5%BE%B7
http://www.sportsci.org/news/history/lind/lind_sp.html
http://www.fatefulvoyage.com/masts/scurvy.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Salisbury_(1746))
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_the_Austrian_Succession
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Lord_Cornwallis/Western_Squadron
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Warships_in_the_Age_of_Sail
http://www.threedecks.org/index.php?display_type=show_ship&id=596
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Edgcumbe,_1st_Earl_of_Mount_Edgcumbe
http://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B5%B0%EC%9D%B8_%EA%B3%84%EA%B8%89


가설 : 감귤류의 과실에는 괴혈병을 치료하는 데 효과가 좋은 미지의 성분이 함유되어 있다.
장소 : HMS Salisbury호 선상
일시 : 1747년 5월 20일
실험방법 : 12명의 괴혈병 환자를 뽑아서 2명씩 6개조로 나누고,
각 조에게
사과즙
식초
묽은 황산 (elixir of vitriol)
바닷물
The two remaining patients, took the bigness of a nutmeg three times a-day, of an “electuary” [medicinal paste] recommended by an hospital surgeon, made of garlic, mustard seed, rad. Raphan[dried radish root], balsam of Peru [resin from the balsam tree] and gum myrrh; using for common drink barley-water well acidulated with tamarinds; by a decoction of which, with the addition of cremor tartar [potassium hydrogen tartrate], they were gently purged three or four times during the course.
오렌지 2개와 레몬1개를 먹게 함

결과 : 실험결과 오렌지와 레몬을 먹은 조(두 명)은 6일 만에 완쾌하였다.
결론 : 린드는 오렌지와 레몬에는 괴혈병의 독을 제거하는 청정 성분이 함유되어 있다고 결론내렸다.

- 흥미로운 결론을 내렸지만, 흥미롭게도 린드는 괴혈병을 결핍증이 아닌 습한 공기 때문에 생기는 전염병으로 보았다. 그는 레몬 주스를 독성 물질을 없애는 세제라고 생각했다. (산소, 닉 레인, 277 p)

James Lind: A Treatise of the Scurvy, 1753.

Of the Prevention of the Scurvy

I shall conclude the precepts relating to the preservation of seamen with showing the best means of obviating many inconveniences which attend long voyages and of removing the several causes productive of this mischief.  The following are the experiments.

On the 20th May, 1747, I took twelve patients in the scurvy on board the Salisbury at sea. Their cases were as similar as I could have them. They all in general had putrid gums, the spots and lassitude, with weakness of their knees. They lay together in one place, being a proper  apartment for the sick in the fore-hold; and had one diet in common to all, viz., water gruel sweetened with sugar in the morning; fresh mutton broth often times for dinner; at other times puddings, boiled biscuit with sugar etc.; and for supper barley, raisins, rice and currants, sago and wine, or the like.

Two of these were ordered each a quart of cyder a day.
Two others took twenty five gutts of elixir vitriol three times a day upon an empty stomach, using a gargle strongly acidulated with it for their mouths.
Two others took two spoonfuls of vinegar three times a day upon an empty stomach, having their gruels and their other food well acidulated with it, as also the gargle for the mouth.
Two of the worst patients, with the tendons in the ham rigid (a symptom none the rest had) were put under a course of sea water. Of this they drank half a pint every day and sometimes more or less as it operated by way of gentle physic.
Two others had each two oranges and one lemon given them every day. These they eat with greediness at different times upon an empty stomach. They continued but six days under this course, having consumed the quantity that could be spared.
The two remaining patients took the bigness of a nutmeg three times a day of an electuray recommended by an hospital surgeon made of garlic, mustard seed, rad. raphan., balsam of Peru and gum myrrh, using for common drink narley water well acidulated with tamarinds, by a decoction of wich, with the addition of cremor tartar, they were gently purged three or four times during the course.

The consequence was that the most sudden and visible good effects were perceived from the use of the oranges and lemons; one of those who had taken them being at the end of six days fit four duty. The spots were not indeed at that time quite off his body, nor his gums sound; but without any other medicine than a gargarism or elixir of vitriol he became quite healthy before we came into Plymouth, which was on the 16th June.

The other was the best recovered of any in his condition, and being now deemed pretty well was appointed nurse to the rest of the sick …

James Lind: A Treatise of the Scurvy in Three Parts.
Containing an inquiry into the Nature, Causes and Cure of that Disease, together with a Critical and Chronological View of what has been published on the subject. A. Millar, London, 1753.



제임스 쿡

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Cook


비타민 C의 탄생

* 1932년 비타민 C 분리 : Albert Szent-Györgyi
(헝가리 이름, 여러가지로 이름이 음역된다. 센트죄르지 ; 스젠트-고르기 ; 스젠트-기요르기 ; 센트-죠지 ; 센트-디와르디)

* 1933년 아스코르브 산이라고 명명됨
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Szent-Gy%C3%B6rgyi


어원
http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=scurvy


참고

http://cafe.daum.net/sjksj/6k8n/219?docid=1HkPm%7C6k8n%7C219%7C20090821183700&nenc=YMbXKnX5JDvy_3O5xisKjg00&srchid=IIMbGKuN100
http://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B4%B4%ED%98%88%EB%B3%91 괴혈병
http://www.sfkumc.org/xe/freeboard/5897
http://www.sfkumc.org/xe/5900
http://www.survivediabetes.com/Essay/Vitamin%20C.htm
http://www.vitamincfoundation.org/collagen.html

(참고서적)
닉 레인, 양은주 옮김, 산소, 파스칼 북스 출판, 2004년, 277 p, 286p
위르겐 아우구스트 알토 지음, 박종대 옮김, 인식의 모험, 이마고 출판, 2003년, 160 p
페니 르 쿠터, 제이 버레슨 지음, 곽주영 옮김, 역사를 바꾼 17가지 화학 이야기 1권, 사이언스 북스 출판, 2008년, 64p


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